咸阳地区地热水化学特征分析     

王嘉伟  ;胡仰军  ;景振钧 《陕西地质》2014,(2):101-104

在研究咸阳地区地质和地热背景条件基础上,探讨了地热水的主要化学成分特征和形成机制。分析结果表明:热水属深循环高温高氟高矿化热水;水化学类型以Cl-Na、Cl·HCO3-Na、HCO3-Na、HCO3·SO4-Na、SO4·HCO3-Na、HCO3·Cl·SO4-Na等类型为主,地热水与渭河北岸断裂及其次级断裂关系密切。  相似文献   

陆表海台地沉积充填模式及内克拉通碳酸盐岩勘探新启示   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈安清  杨帅  陈洪德  钟怡江  许国明  宋晓波  付斯一 《岩石学报》2017,33(4):1243-1256

内克拉通陆表海盆地是古老碳酸盐建造形成的重要场所。除其顶部风化壳岩溶储层外,广泛分布的内幕非岩溶改造的白云岩勘探长期未受到足够的重视。近年来,随着深层、超深层勘探技术的进步,内幕陆表海白云岩陆续获得油气勘探新发现,但其预测难度远比镶边台地中的礁滩"移动靶"更大。为更好地揭示这类未经岩溶改造的白云岩储层的宏观发育分布规律,本文研究了鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟期和四川盆地雷口坡期陆表海台地的高精度岩相古地理和沉积充填模式。结果表明:陆表海台地一般形成于温室期低纬度干燥气候下的稳定内克拉通盆地,与盐湖伴生的台地潮坪广泛分布是其标志性的沉积特征,微环境可进一步划分为潮上带泥云坪、上潮间带云坪、上潮间带微生物席、下潮间带席状潮缘滩、上潮下带灰云质澙湖、下潮下带膏云质澙湖;虽然内克拉通陆表海台地是一个相对静态的沉积环境,其沉积建造并非平板一块,海平面的升降变化往往会在相对平坦的陆表海内引起大幅度的相带迁移,造成潮上带、潮间带、潮下带频繁交互;相带频繁往复迁移过程中,潮间带的晶粒/颗粒/微生物白云岩受到盐湖、古隆起或潮坪岛的制约,形成大面积分布的席状富孔白云岩透镜体;陆表海沉积层序结构为典型的向上变浅序列,主要发育潮坪进积楔和潮坪岛拼嵌两种沉积充填模式,这两种模式形成的席状白云岩透镜体在层序结构和厚度都能很好地对比,通常延伸都在100km以上,甚至可跨越整个陆表海台地,是一个能够媲美台缘礁滩相的油气勘探新领域。  相似文献   

库岸滑坡涌浪经验估算方法对比分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

黄锦林  张婷  李嘉琳 《岩土力学》2014,35(Z1):133-140

分别介绍了3种常用的库岸滑坡涌浪经验估算方法--美国土木工程学会推荐方法、潘家铮方法和水科院经验公式法。针对乐昌峡水库鹅公带古滑坡体滑坡涌浪预测问题,采用3种常用经验估算方法,并构建几何比尺1:150的物理模型,对设计洪水位和正常蓄水位条件下滑坡体不同滑速所产生的涌浪进行计算和测试。通过滑坡入水点对岸山坡涌浪爬高、坝前涌浪爬高和B3测点涌浪高度结果的对比分析,发现3种常用经验估算法计算结果差异较大,其中潘家铮方法与模型试验结果最为接近。通过对计算结果差异的进一步分析,推荐在采用经验估算法进行库岸滑坡涌浪预测时选择潘家铮方法,此外,还解释了物理模型试验中所出现的一些现象,可供库岸滑坡涌浪预测参考。  相似文献   

Rippled scour depressions on continental shelf bank slopes off Nordland and Troms,Northern Norway     

Valérie K. Bellec  Reidulv Bøe  Leif Rise  Dag Slagstad  Oddvar Longva  Margaret F.J. Dolan 《Continental Shelf Research》2010

Multibeam bathymetry acquired under the MAREANO programme from the continental shelf off Nordland and Troms, northern Norway, show bedforms that we have interpreted as rippled scour depressions. They occur in three areas offshore on bank slopes facing southeast, more than 15 km from land. They are generally found where the slope gradient is low, in water depths of 70–160 m. Individual depressions are up to 3 km long, 1 m deep and up to 300 m wide. They occur in areas where sediments evolve quickly from glacial deposits on the banks to post-glacial muddy sediments on the glacial troughs. Multibeam backscatter and underwater video data show that depression floors are covered by rippled, gravelly, shelly sand. Ripple crests are parallel or slightly oblique to the depression axis orientation. Sand without bedforms is observed between the depressions. TOPAS seismic lines show that the uppermost seismic unit consists of the sand between the depressions. The base of this unit may be the last transgressive/tidal/wave ravinement surface. Physical oceanographic modelling indicates that maximum current velocities are up to 0.6 m/s in the rippled scour depression areas. Stronger currents appear to inhibit the building of these features. Tidal currents play an important role as they trend parallel to the southeast banks slopes and are likely responsible of the gravelly ripples formation inside the depressions as well as the persistence of these depressions which are not covered by finer sediments. On Malangsgrunnen bank, some of the rippled scour depressions are in the extension of NW–SE furrows located on the bank. Simulated bottom currents indicate currents mainly perpendicular to these furrows, as for the rippled scour depressions on the bank slopes. Nevertheless, these features could also highlight currents coming from the northwest which reach the bank margin and continue down to the areas of the rippled scour depressions. These currents could be responsible for the formation of some of the bedforms, together with tidal currents.  相似文献   

塔里木河下游常见植物繁殖体形态特征比较     

李媛  徐海量  尹林克  李吉玫  张占江  王增如  赵新风 《干旱区地理》2010,33(1)

4- 以塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林21种常见植物繁殖体为研究对象,对其形态特征进行了比较分析.结果表明:(1)不同繁殖体之间重量差别很大.单粒重最小的是多花柽柳(0.019 8 mg),最大的是沙枣(131.387 2 mg);(2)繁殖体三维(长、宽、高)的方差最小的是胀果甘草(0.022),方差最大的是蒲公英0.145.菊科、禾本科、茄科和荚竹桃科植物繁殖体均偏离圆球形较大(方差>0.05);(3)柽柳科、杨柳科、菊科和夹竹桃科均具有附属物,这些形态特征有利于物种的扩散和定居;(4)有7种植物的繁殖体重量小于1 mg,且比较接近圆球形(方差小于0.09),有利于形成持久土壤种子库.  相似文献   

Intra‐event scale bar–bank interactions and their role in channel widening          下载免费PDF全文

Mario Klösch  Bernadette Blamauer  Helmut Habersack 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(11):1506-1523

Channel bars and banks strongly affect the morphology of both braided and meandering rivers. Accordingly, bar formation and bank erosion processes have been greatly explored. There is, however, a lack of investigations addressing the interactions between bed and bank morphodynamics, especially over short timescales. One major implication of this gap is that the processes leading to the repeated accretion of mid‐channel bars and associated widenings remain unsolved. In a restored section of the Drau River, a gravel‐bed river in Austria, mid‐channel bars have developed in a widening channel. During mean flow conditions, the bars divert the flow towards the banks. One channel section exhibited both an actively retreating bank and an expanding mid‐channel bar, and was selected to investigate the morphodynamic processes involved in bar accretion and channel widening at the intra‐event timescale. We repeatedly surveyed riverbed and riverbank topography, monitored riverbank hydrology and mounted a time‐lapse camera for continuous observation of riverbank erosion processes during four flow events. The mid‐channel bar was shown to accrete when it was submerged during flood events, which at the subsequent flow diversion during lower discharges narrowed the branch along the bank and increased the water surface elevation upstream from the riffle, which constituted the inlet into the branch. These changes of bed topography accelerated the flow along the bank and triggered bank failures up to 20 days after the flood events. Four analysed flow events exhibited a total bar expansion from initially 126 m² to 295 m², while bank retreat was 6 m at the apex of the branch. The results revealed the forcing role of bar accretion in channel widening and highlighted the importance of intra‐event scale bed morphodynamics for bank erosion, which were summarized in a conceptual model of the observed bar–bank interactions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Interaction between meander dynamics and floodplain heterogeneity in a large tropical sand‐bed river: the Rio Beni,Bolivian Amazon          下载免费PDF全文

Arved C. Schwendel  Andrew P. Nicholas  Rolf E. Aalto  Greg H. Sambrook Smith  Simon Buckley 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(15):2026-2040

The evolution of meandering river floodplains is predominantly controlled by the interplay between overbank sedimentation and channel migration. The resulting spatial heterogeneity in floodplain deposits leads to variability in bank erodibility, which in turn influences channel migration and planform development. Despite the potential significance of these feedbacks, few studies have quantified their impact upon channel evolution and floodplain construction in dynamic settings (e.g. locations characterized by rapid channel migration and high rates of overbank sedimentation). This study employs a combination of field observations, geographic information system (GIS) analysis of satellite imagery and numerical modelling to investigate these issues along a 375 km reach of the Rio Beni in the Bolivian Amazon. Results demonstrate that the occurrence of clay‐rich floodplain deposits promotes a significant reduction in channel migration rates and distinctive styles of channel evolution, including channel straightening and immobilization of bend apices leading to channel narrowing. Clay bodies act as stable locations limiting the propagation of planform disturbances in both upstream and downstream directions, and operate as ‘hinge’ points, around which the channel migrates. Spatial variations in the erodibility of clay‐rich floodplain material also promote large‐scale (10–50 km) differences in channel sinuosity and migration, although these variables are also likely to be influenced by channel gradient and tectonic effects that are difficult to quantify. Numerical model results suggest that spatial heterogeneity in bank erodibility, driven by variable bank composition, may force a substantial (c. 30%) reduction in average channel sinuosity, compared to situations in which bank strength is spatially homogeneous. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

洞庭湖湿地土壤种子库特征及其与地表植被的相关性   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  

侯志勇  陈心胜  谢永宏  李旭 《湖泊科学》2012,24(2):287-293

本文研究洞庭湖三种分布于不同水位的主要群落(荻、苔草、虉草)土壤种子库大小组成、垂直分布特征及其地表植被的相关性.结果表明:荻群落土壤种子库密度最高,为44656粒/m2,苔草群落的最低,为15146粒/m2,虉草群落的居中,为31725粒/m2.种子主要分布于土壤表层(0～5 cm),且随土壤剖面深度的增加而迅速递减.三种群落湿地种子库由53种植物组成,分属18科39属,其中多年生物种20种,一或二年生物种33种.在荻、苔草和虉草三种群落中,种子库的多年生物种分别占29.9%、35.2%和38.0%,物种多样性指数分别为0.76、0.70和0.72;地表植被物种多样性指数分别为0.53、0.17和0.45,土壤种子库与相应地表植被相似性系数分别为0.40、0.28和0.52.可见,在洞庭湖这一通江湖泊湿地,多年生地表植被所产生的种子对土壤种子库大小贡献相对有限,种子库可能主要通过其它途径(如水的流动作用)输入.  相似文献   

四川盆地东部下三叠统飞仙关组白云岩化作用及其与储集层发育的关系^*   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

潘立银  刘占国  李昌  寿建峰  张建勇  张杰  沈安江  周进高  郑兴平 《古地理学报》2012,14(2):176-186

四川盆地东部下三叠统飞仙关组鲕滩相储集层多为白云岩,主要分布于环开江—梁平盆地的台地边缘相带。岩石学和地球化学特征表明,飞仙关组鲕滩相储集层经历了多期白云岩化作用,其中最重要的一期发生于成岩早期近地表环境,由蒸发海水回流引起,形成的粉晶交代白云石构成了现今白云岩的主体。飞仙关组早期白云岩经历了不同程度的埋藏重结晶作用,形成了不同的岩石结构类型。飞仙关组白云岩的孔隙多为原岩中继承而来,白云岩化作用对储集层发育的意义并非创造孔隙,而是保存已有的孔隙。由于白云岩化作用发生的时间早以及白云岩的抗压溶性质,原生（鲕）粒间孔以及早期大气淡水溶蚀作用形成的鲕模孔/粒内溶孔可以在很大程度上保存下来,构成了现今鲕滩相储集层的主要储集空间。  相似文献   

Stochastic erosion of composite banks in alluvial river bends   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

Tapas Karmaker  Subashisa Dutta 《水文研究》2015,29(6):1324-1339

The erosion of composite river banks is a complex process involving a number of factors including fluvial erosion, seepage erosion, and cantilever mass failure. To predict the rate of bank erosion with these complexities, a stochastic bank erosion model is suitable to define the probability distribution of the controlling variables. In this study, a bank erosion model in a river bend is developed by coupling several bank erosion processes with an existing hydrodynamic and morphological model. The soil erodibility of cohesive bank layers was measured using a submerged jet test apparatus. Seasonal bank erosion rates for four consecutive years at a bend in the Brahmaputra River, India, were measured by repeated bankline surveys. The ability of the model to predict erosion was evaluated in the river bend that displayed active bank erosion. In this study, different monsoon conditions and the distribution functions of two variables were considered in estimating the stochastic bank erosion rate: the probability of the soil erodibility and stochastic stage hydrographs for the nth return period river stage. Additionally, the influences of the deflection angle of the streamflow, longitudinal slope of river channel, and bed material size on bank erosion rate were also investigated. The obtained stochastic erosion predictions were compared with the observed distribution of the annual‐average bank erosion rate of 45 river bends in the Brahmaputra River. The developed model appropriately predicted the short‐term morphological dynamics of sand‐bed river bends with composite banks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献